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Interaction frequency is a sociological concept referring to the total number of social interactions per unit time. Interactions, or what Georg Simmel in his pioneering work called Wechselwirkungen,〔Simmel, Georg (1890) ''Über Sociale Differenzierung''. http://www.digbib.org/Georg_Simmel_1858/Ueber_sociale_Differenzierung.〕 are the basis for society itself, according to Herbert Blumer. == Overview == Interaction can be either direct or indirect. * Interaction is direct, Hugo O. Engelmann explained, when participants exchange roles. * It is indirect when roles cannot be exchanged. Face-to-face conversations, phone calls, and on-line chats are direct interactions. TV shows, radio programs, videos and books are forms of indirect interaction. In other words, interaction occurs when one person perceives the behavior of another, whether or not the other is present.〔Engelmann, Hugo O. (1980) ''Behavior, Interaction, and Social Organization''. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University. p. 54.〕 For dyads in small groups, direct interactions sum to n(n-1)/2, where n is the size of the population. Indirect interactions equal n(n-1). Indirect interactions, then, are roughly twice as likely as direct interactions. For large populations counting the number of direct interactions is not possible. However, as John Engelmann showed, the number can be estimated by multiplying the total number of miles traveled times the density of the population.〔Engelmann, John (1971) "An Interaction Frequency Index and the Kinetic Molecular Theory," in ''Heuristics'' 3 (May):44-46.〕 A somewhat more sensitive estimate could be to multiply miles traveled times the square root of population density.〔Johnson, Warren (1990) ''In a private correspondence'' with Hugo O. Engelmann.〕 The number of indirect interactions can be estimated through an analysis of online traffic. Andrew Lipsman, for example, reported that of the 2 million users that comScore samples, 6% account for approximately 50% of the Internet traffic.〔Lipsman, Andrew (2011) “New Study Shows that Heavy Clickers Distort Reality of Display Advertising Click-Through Metrics.” http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2008/02/Display_Ad_Click-Through_Behavior.〕 Interaction rests, first of all, on the fact that behavior varies in intensity. Individuals can be soft-spoken and thoughtful one moment, or cheerful and jumping for joy the next. Onlookers are apt to notice intense behavior, and thereby interact with the person whose behavior is most intense. In addition to intensity, behavior varies in complexity. It can be intricate one moment and simple the next. In other words, interactions can be behavior limiting, dynamically neutral, or behavior enlarging, respectively decreasing, maintaining, or increasing behavioral complexity.〔Engelmann, Hugo O. (1964) General Systems Theory meeting. Salzburg (Fall), p. 5. “'Ein psychologischer Prozess kann die bestehende psychologische Organisation reproduzieren oder sie verändern. Im letzteren Fall ist es ein verhaltenseinschränkender, ein dynamisch neutraler, oder ein verhaltenserweiternder Prozess, je nachdem ob er die Kompliziertheit des Systems heruntersetzt, unverändert erhält oder erhöht.”〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Interaction frequency」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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